ArticleClinical pharmacology and therapeutics2026
Repeated Intake of Grapefruit Juice Inhibits CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 while Lingonberry Powder Does Not Induce Major CYP Enzymes in Humans.
Article in Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Very strong correlations of metoprolol- and solanidine-derived metabolic ratios in a real-world cohort with a stable metoprolol drug regimen.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Grapefruit juice is a well-established inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, but its effects on other CYP enzymes or organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are not fully characterized in humans. Recently, lingonberry powder was shown to induce murine CYP enzymes. We investigated the effects of lingonberry powder and grapefruit juice on seven CYP enzymes and two OATPs. Eleven healthy volunteers received three pretreatments three times per day: water for 1 day (control), lingonberry powder for 9 days, and grapefruit juice for 3 days. CYP index drugs (caffeine/CYP1A2, bupropion/CYP2B6, repaglinide/CYP2C8, flurbiprofen/CYP2C9, omeprazole/CYP2C19, dextromethorphan/CYP2D6, midazolam/CYP3A4, and simvastatin/CYP3A4) were administered orally on the study day of each pretreatment (day 1, 10, and 3, respectively). Venous blood samples were collected until 23 hours postdose. The concentrations of index drugs, their metabolites and endogenous OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 biomarkers glycochenodeoxycholate 3-O-glucuronide (GCDCA-3G) and glycochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate (GCDCA-3S), respectively, were quantified. Grapefruit juice expectedly increased the AUC
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