Part 1 - imidazolines and the changing face of nasal decongestants.

Rebecca J Stinson, Laura R Sadofsky

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Co(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) Coordination Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Experimental, and Computational Study on Potential Antiplasmodial Activity.ChemMedChem · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Rebecca J StinsonBiomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.

Laura R SadofskyBiomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Imidazolines are sympathomimetic drugs used to treat a range of conditions including nasal congestion, ocular disorders, and hypertension. Imidazolines were discovered over 150 years ago. However, it was research from the 1940s onwards which established the therapeutic benefits of imidazolines. Although there is extensive literature describing imidazolines, the history and timeline of their development is not well documented. This review focuses on the evolution of imidazoline pharmacology particularly those used in nasal decongestants, naphazoline, tetrahydrozoline, xylometazoline and oxymetazoline. These derivatives activate the α

Indexed as

imidazoline receptorimidazolinesnasal decongestantsnasal decongestants/adverse effectsoxymetazolinesympathomimeticxylometazoline

Identifiers

PMID41394151

DOI10.3389/fphar.2025.1655252

PMCPMC12698654

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.