Evidence mapPaperPMID 41395692Full record

SynthesisDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2026

Injection-site and dermatologic reactions associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: Insights from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and real-world evidence.

Shifa Taj, Mohammed Zuber, Muhammed Rashid, Manik Chhabra, Krishna Undela, Smita Rawal, Lorenzo Villa Zapata

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Shifa TajClinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4251-7644
Mohammed ZuberClinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4842-7551
Muhammed RashidDepartment of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6390-7764
Manik ChhabraDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-8924-8242
Krishna UndelaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India.ORCID 0000-0002-7480-8761
Smita RawalClinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5209-2515
Lorenzo Villa ZapataClinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3821-4595

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are widely used for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, with once-weekly dosing that supports adherence. However, injection-site reactions (ISRs) and dermatologic events have been recognised, ranging from mild local events to rare systemic hypersensitivity reactions that may cause discontinuation. To evaluate dermatologic and ISR safety of GLP-1 RAs through a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and disproportionality analysis of data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). MATERIALS AND

methodsPubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched through December 2024 to identify RCTs reporting ISR or dermatologic outcomes for GLP-1 RAs. Random-effects meta-analysis synthesised trial evidence. A retrospective disproportionality analysis of FAERS data evaluated all approved GLP-1 RAs. Lower bound reporting odds ratios (LB ROR), proportional reporting ratios (PRR) and information components (IC) were calculated.

resultsThe pooled meta-analysis of 14 RCTs that reported ISRs (4861 patients; 396 ISR events) showed increased ISR risk with GLP-1 RAs versus comparators (risk ratio 3.55; 95% confidence interval, 2.35-5.36; I

conclusionsGLP-1 RAs are consistently linked to higher ISR risk, especially with exenatide and dulaglutide, while generalised dermatologic events are rare. Clinicians should counsel patients about ISR risk to support adherence and optimise outcomes.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Drug EruptionsGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsInjection Site ReactionExenatideHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicExenatideGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic Agentsadverse drug reactionsdermatologic reactionsdrug safetyGLP‐1 receptor agonistsinjection‐site reactions

Identifiers

PMID41395692
PMCPMC12890775

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.