ReviewJournal of inflammation research2025
The Pathological Link Between Elevated Markers of Inflammation, Endothelial Activation, and Cardiovascular Diseases in People Living with HIV on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review.
Review in Journal of inflammation research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Despite administering combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) have been identified to be at an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Notably, inflammation and endothelial activation are likely factors associated with increased CVD risk in PLWH. Thus, the present study reviews evidence reporting on the potential link between increased markers of inflammatory, endothelial activation, and CVD risk in PLWH on cART. Methodology: Web databases incorporating Cochrane libraries, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched to identify suitable clinical research reports. The validity and reliability of the quality of the included evidence were appraised utilising the Downs and Black checklist. Results: Fifteen clinical research reports were incorporated within the present study, involving PLWH on cART (n=7117). We classified these research reports based on short-term (≤12 months) and prolonged exposure (˃ 12 months) to cART of PLWH. Overwhelming results showed that short- and long-term exposure to cART are closely associated with elevated markers of inflammation that were consistent with the existence of endothelial activation in PLWH on cART. Prominent inflammatory markers, which were elevated included interleukin-6 (IL-6), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). While those indicating endothelial activation included soluble intercellular and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1). The quality of included research reports was relatively high, while there was very limited information on the effect of the specific type of cART. Conclusion: The current study supports the hypothesis indicating a close association between elevated inflammatory markers and endothelial activation potentially contributing to CVDs in PLWH on cART. However, these effects may be associated with prolonged exposure to cART in conjunction to specific cART-drug regimen combinations. Nonetheless, the available evidence is still very limited, and more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.