ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2026
History of self-reported COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in the Brazilian population: a countrywide survey.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Seroprevalence, immune response dynamics, and incidence of COVID-19 after CoronaVac vaccination in a fully vaccinated small municipality in Northeast Brazil: a population-based surveillance study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Social long COVID: impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on public health and policy in Brazil.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- EPICOVID-19 and EPICOVID 2.0: building knowledge on COVID-19 epidemiology during the pandemic in Brazil.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- COVID-19: lessons from Brazil.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- A countrywide study on post-COVID-19 condition in Brazil: the Epicovid 2.0.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccine trust and uptake: the role of media, interpersonal and institutional trust in a large population-based survey.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Using an epidemiological lens to evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 in Brazil.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Patterns of medication use among individuals with Covid-19 in Brazil: Epicovid 2.0.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health situation of the Brazilian population.The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious DiseasesArticle
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPopulation-based data on COVID-19's impact are essential for informing public health policies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we investigated the history of COVID-19 diagnoses across the Brazilian population, considering factors such as sex, age, skin colour/ethnicity, comorbidity, schooling, and socioeconomic level.
methodsIn this nationwide study, EPICOVID 2.0, we surveyed 133 cities in all Brazilian states between March and June 2024. We randomly selected 250 households per city and one individual from each household. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated to examine the association between covariates and self-reports of prior COVID-19 diagnoses and hospitalizations, and odds ratios to assess the factors associated with the higher number of COVID-19 episodes.
resultsOur analysis of 33 250 individuals revealed that 28.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 27.3-29.9] of the study population had a previous COVID-19 diagnosis, with most of those reported presenting one episode (77.7%), followed by two (17.3%) and three episodes (5.0%). We observed a positive association between higher educational attainment and wealth quintiles and self-reported COVID-19 diagnoses. We also found that women presented a higher COVID-19 prevalence. About 4.5% (95% CI, 3.8-5.2) of participants who reported previous COVID-19 were hospitalized, with an average length of stay of 10.4 days. We did not find a difference in the prevalence of hospitalizations between socioeconomic strata. We observed that those who experienced two or more COVID-19 episodes had three times higher odds of being hospitalized.
conclusionThese findings highlight significant disparities in the COVID-19 impact across socioeconomic and demographic groups in Brazil, underscoring the need for targeted public health interventions to address vulnerabilities and reduce the COVID-19 burden in Brazil.
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