Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41408986›Full record

ArticleAdvanced healthcare materials2026

Immuno-Regulation of Brain Region-Specific Organoids Containing Isogenic Microglia-Like Cells.

Chang Liu, Justice Ene, Wenyan Lu, Falak Syed, Li Sun, Ana-Caroline Raulin, Yi Ren, Xueju Wang, Takahisa Kanekiyo, Yan Li

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced healthcare materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Chang LiuDepartment of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
Justice EneDepartment of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
Wenyan LuMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Falak SyedDepartment of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
Li SunDepartment of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
Ana-Caroline RaulinMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Yi RenDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
Xueju WangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
Takahisa KanekiyoMayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Yan LiDepartment of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-8519

Funding

Engineering Extracellular Vesicles of Human Brain Organoids for Stroke TherapyR01NS125016 · NINDS · FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Yan Li · 2022 to 2026
$1.8M
Multifunctional 3D Bioelectronic and Microfluidic Hybrid Systems for Online Monitoring, Regulation, and Vascularization of OrganoidsR21EB033495 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT STORRS · PI WANG, XUEJU · 2022 to 2024
$644k
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health R01NS125016Foundation for the National Institutes of Health R21EB033495NIBIB NIH HHS R21 EB033495NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS125016NSF 2017869
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Most brain organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) lack microglia and thus immune function. Microglia-like cells (MGCs) can be differentiated from iPSCs, while the characteristics of isogenic MGC-containing brain organoids in modeling neurodegeneration and cell-cell communications have not been well investigated. In this study, iPSC-derived MGCs are co-cultured with isogenic forebrain cortical organoids (iFCo), which are stimulated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) of brain organoids differentiated from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient-derived iPSCs (APOE ε4/ε4 and presenilin 1). The AD EV-stimulated co-culture organoids are treated with EVs from healthy MGCs or co-culture. Differential responses of the co-cultured organoids and the MGCs to AD EVs are demonstrated. The co-cultured organoids mitigated pro-inflammatory gene expressions. EVs from healthy MGCs or co-culture reduced the expression of IL-12β, iNOS, TREM2, and CASS4, which are associated with neural inflammation and degeneration, as well as showed regulation on genes involved in microglial activation and carbon metabolism. AD EV cargo analysis by proteomics and microRNA-sequencing revealed APOE and APP proteins and microRNAs regulated pathways such as mitophagy. This study paves the way for understanding the role of microglia and brain organoids in modeling neural degeneration and the development of EV-based cell-free therapeutics for AD treatment.

Indexed as

BrainMicrogliaOrganoidsAlzheimer DiseaseCell DifferentiationCoculture TechniquesExtracellular VesiclesHumansInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsMicroRNAsMicroRNAsbrain organoidsco‐cultureextracellular vesicleshuman pluripotent stem cellsmicroglia‐like cellsmulti‐omicsneural degeneration

Identifiers

PMID41408986
PMCPMC12967306

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.