ReviewCellular & molecular immunology2026
Regulation of T cell exhaustion and stemness: molecular mechanisms and implications for cancer immunotherapy.
Review in Cellular & molecular immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Polymeric Materials in Cancer Immunotherapy: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.Polymer science & technology (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Microfluidic-based rapid generation of chimeric antigen receptor T cells improves low-multiplicity-of-infection transduction efficiency while preserving functional activity.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveal PD-1-loss-driven immune dysregulation of pulmonary lymphocytes during earlyMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- The transcription factor IRF8 drives tumor-specific exhaustion in CD8+ T cells.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Profiling Identifies Skin-Resident Memory CD4European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Implications of Rho GTPase signaling in cancer immunotherapy.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Rapid regression of a bulky cranial lesion in high-risk multiple myeloma with isatuximab-based quadruplet induction.International journal of hematology · 2026Article
- MicroRNA-29a enhances and preserves stem-like CD8 T cell differentiation by regulating master epigenetic circuits of exhaustion.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- ATR kinase inhibitors induce mitochondrial fission in CD8bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review.Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Metabolic dysfunction and GZMKFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Stem-like T cells in cancer immunotherapy: biology, regulation and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Hypoxia-Associated Molecular Subtypes Reveal Immune Checkpoint, Ferroptosis, and m6A Regulatory Heterogeneity in Pediatric Vasculitis.Human mutation · 2026Article
- Post-Translational Modifications in Cancer-Associated CD8⁺ T-Cell Exhaustion: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Stem-like CD4 T cells in tumors: an emerging framework for antitumor immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T-cell senescence and immunosenescence in chronic oral mucosal inflammatory diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Review
- Immune remodeling of tumor-draining lymph nodes: mechanistic determinants of checkpoint blockade responsiveness.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T cells are central components of the adaptive immune system and play key roles in antitumor and antiviral responses. The diverse cell fates of T cells enable them to respond to different durations and strengths of antigen stimulation and various cytokine milieus in a context-dependent manner. During acute infection or vaccination, T cells differentiate into effector cells and later develop into memory cells after antigen clearance, which mediate immune protection against the same antigen. In contrast, during cancer and chronic infection, T cells fail to enter the canonical effector or memory cell differentiation path. Instead, antigen-specific T cells enter a dysfunctional, partially responsive state called exhaustion. Exhausted T cells are heterogeneous. A subset of exhausted T cells exhibits stem cell-like properties. These stem-like T cells sustain immunity through self-renewal and repopulation of terminally differentiated progenies. Stem-like properties are critical for T cell immunity induced by immunotherapy. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the exhaustion and stemness of T cells and explores the potential of rewiring these circuits to increase the efficiency of T-cell-based immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.