ReviewClinical and experimental pediatrics2026
Pubertal induction in prepubertal males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: testosterone or gonadotropins?
Review in Clinical and experimental pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pubertal induction in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) remains challenging. Various treatment strategies using testosterone or gonadotropins have been developed; however, the optimal approach for initiating and sustaining puberty remains uncertain. A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted in July 2024 using the keyword "puberty induction in males" for studies published between January 2004 and July 2024. The inclusion criteria were publication in English including male patients under 18 years of age with HH. Animal studies, adult cohorts, and non-HH groups were excluded. Of the 134 retrieved records, 18 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed for therapeutic regimens, efficacy, and outcomes. Both testosterone- and gonadotropin-based therapies effectively induced puberty in males with HH. Intramuscular testosterone esters remain the most commonly used approach because of their accessibility and cost-effectiveness, whereas newer long-acting transdermal formulations offer improved tolerability. Gonadotropin-based regimens, including human chorionic gonadotropin, alone or in combination with follicle-stimulating hormone, demonstrated effective virilization and increased testicular growth and spermatogenesis, suggesting potential benefits for future fertility. However, treatment protocols vary widely and no standardized guidelines are currently available. Pubertal induction in HH should aim to mimic physiological puberty and consider psychological and somatic well-being as well as future fertility potential. Although testosterone effectively promotes virilization, gonadotropin therapy enhances testicular development and spermatogenesis. Their formulations, dosages, treatment durations, and modes of administration show considerable heterogeneity. Further multicenter studies are required to establish optimal regimens and clarify long-term fertility outcomes associated with different therapeutic strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.