ArticleZeitschrift fur medizinische Physik2026
Design, implementation and evaluation of non-contact in vivo confocal microscopy for capturing the human corneal endothelium from the central to near-limbal regions.
Article in Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Medical optics in medical physics: from photons to quantitative insight.Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
purposeCurrent imaging techniques for assessing the human corneal endothelium are constrained by drawbacks related to corneal contact, imaging artifacts, and a restricted field of view (FOV). We present a non-contact in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) configuration enabling cellular-resolution endothelial imaging.
methodsA commercially available scanning laser ophthalmoscope was modified with a long-working-distance microscope objective enabling non-contact IVCM of the corneal endothelium. Central endothelial images were obtained in one healthy volunteer using the novel non-contact IVCM and two established modalities: contact IVCM and specular microscopy. A cell segmentation algorithm was applied to compare modalities. For the non-contact IVCM, near-limbal images were obtained in a second volunteer demonstrating far-peripheral imaging. For demonstration purposes, additional five healthy volunteers were imaged.
resultsThe non-contact IVCM achieved a lateral resolution below 2.2 µm, while offering a larger FOV. Obtained quantitative metrics - including endothelial cell density, mean cell area, and polygonality - were consistent across modalities. The system also enabled high-quality imaging of peripheral and near-limbal endothelial regions with resolution and contrast similar to central areas.
conclusionThis non-contact IVCM system delivers cellular-resolution imaging of the human corneal endothelium across central to near-limbus without topical anesthesia or corneal contact. It preserves the quantitative consistency of contact confocal microscopy yet offers greater comfort and a larger sampling area. To our knowledge, the herein presented IVCM is currently the only non-contact, high-resolution imaging modality demonstrating endothelial imaging in the limbal region in vivo. These results offer a patient-friendly alternative for routine quantitative endothelial assessment.
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