Evidence mapPaperPMID 41419616Full record

Trial reportDiabetologia2026

Effects of combined intraduodenal administration of lauric acid and L-tryptophan on postprandial plasma glucose, glucoregulatory hormones and gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomised, crossover study.

Javad Anjom-Shoae, Penelope C E Fitzgerald, Braden D Rose, Vida Bitarafan, Jens F Rehfeld, Michael Horowitz, Christine Feinle-Bisset

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Javad Anjom-ShoaeAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5138-0339
Penelope C E FitzgeraldAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Braden D RoseAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0590-3033
Vida BitarafanAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5823-6049
Jens F RehfeldDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4718-9571
Michael HorowitzAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-0306
Christine Feinle-BissetAdelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. christine.feinle@adelaide.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-0125

Funding

Diabetes Australia Research Trust (2021-2022) to CFB
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisIn healthy men, lauric acid (C12) and L-tryptophan (Trp), when administered intraduodenally in loads of 1.26 and 0.42 kJ/min (0.3 and 0.1 kcal/min), respectively, that are individually ineffective, stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK), when combined. Both hormones slow gastric emptying, suppress energy intake and lower postprandial glucose. We have now investigated the hypothesis that combined intraduodenal administration of these nutrients reduces postprandial glucose in type 2 diabetes.

methodsIn a randomised, blinded (investigators and participants), crossover study performed in the University of Adelaide Clinical Research Facility, 11 men with type 2 diabetes (age: 69 ± 7 years; HbA

resultsC12+Trp, but not C12 or Trp, reduced overall (p=0.02) and peak (mmol/l; control: 11.1 ± 0.6, Trp: 10.3 ± 0.5, C12: 10.7 ± 0.6, C12+Trp: 9.8 ± 0.5; p=0.01) plasma glucose. C12+Trp slowed gastric emptying (p=0.001), and increased pre-drink plasma GLP-1, GIP and CCK (all p<0.05), without affecting insulin or C-peptide. No treatment effects were observed postprandially. CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationIn type 2 diabetes, intraduodenal C12+Trp lowers postprandial glucose, probably primarily by slowing of gastric emptying and mediated by GLP-1 and CCK. These findings support further exploration of nutrient-based gastrointestinal strategies to optimise glycaemic management in type 2 diabetes.

trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( www.anzctr.org.au ) ACTRN12623000778684

fundingJAS and VB were each supported by Adelaide Scholarship International stipends, provided by the University of Adelaide (JAS, 2021-2025; VB, 2017-2020) and CFB by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Research Fellowship (Grant 1103020, 2016-2023). The research was supported by a Diabetes Australia Research Project Grant (2021-2022) to CFB.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Gastric EmptyingLauric AcidsTryptophanAgedCholecystokininCross-Over StudiesDouble-Blind MethodDuodenumGlucagon-Like Peptide 1HumansInsulinMaleMiddle AgedPostprandial PeriodBlood GlucoseCholecystokininGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Insulinlauric acidLauric AcidsTryptophanGut functionsGut hormonesHumansNutrient sensingPostprandial glucose levels

Identifiers

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.