Emerging technologies in poultry genomics: Unlocking innovation for the future of sustainable production.

Over the past decade, poultry genomics has undergone a transformative shift from genome assembly to functional annotation, mechanistic discovery, and integrative applications that advance sustainable poultry production. This symposium highlights emerging tools and resources that enable researchers to move beyond statistical associations toward biological causality and breeding application. Functional annotation through the FAANG (Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes) initiative and ChickenGTEx Project has produced comprehensive regulatory maps and expression QTL datasets across tissues, cell types, and developmental stages, forming a foundation for identifying causal regulatory variants. Advances in CRISPR-based editing provide scalable platforms for in vitro validation of regulatory elements and dissect gene function, bridging genotype to phenotype. Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies are now delivering high-resolution immune cell atlases and developmental maps, offering novel insights into host defense and tissue regulation. Integrative omics frameworks that combine genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and 3D chromatin data are revealing systemic regulatory networks controlling complex traits such as egg production, growth, and fat deposition, with functional validation of candidate variants accelerating their translation into precision breeding. Equally important, microbiome-based approaches are emerging as powerful tools to improve poultry health, nutrient utilization, and disease resistance, providing environmentally sustainable strategies that complement genetic selection. Challenges remain in statistical power, tissue- and development-specific context specificity, and bridging discoveries to genomic prediction. However, new opportunities, including multi-omics integration, causal inference, and iterative validation pipelines facilitate the development of predictive and mechanistically informed approaches to genetic improvement. Together, these advances mark a paradigm shift in poultry genomics, positioning the field to close the genotype-molecular-phenotype loop, and equipping the industry with tools to enhance production efficiency, resilience, and animal welfare for long-term sustainability.