Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41422178›Full record

SynthesisBMC infectious diseases2025

Unveiling the underestimated prevalence of HIV, HBV and TB triple infection in Asia, South America, and Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Yinkang Mo, Zihao Fan, Yaling Cao, Ling Xu, Xiangying Zhang, Feng Ren

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Yinkang Mo *Beijing Institute of Hepatology/Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Xitou Tiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
Zihao Fan *Beijing Institute of Hepatology/Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Xitou Tiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
Yaling Cao *Beijing Institute of Hepatology/Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Xitou Tiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
Ling XuBeijing Institute of Hepatology/Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Xitou Tiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
Xiangying ZhangBeijing Institute of Hepatology/Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Xitou Tiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
Feng RenBeijing Institute of Hepatology/Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Xitou Tiao Road, Youwai Street, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China. renfeng7512@ccmu.edu.cn.

Funding

Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme QML20201702Beijing Talents foundation 2018000021469G289High-level public health technical personnel construction Project Subject leaders-02-13Key Projects of the Beijing Municipal Education Commission's Science and Technology Plan KZ202010025035National Natural Science Foundation of China 82002243Special key research project of capital health development scientific research SF2020-1-1151Talent Cultivation plan of "Climbing the peak" of Beijing Municipal Hospital Administration DFL20221503The Beijing Municipal Institute of Public Medical Research Development and Reform Pilot Project JYY2021-10
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a genus of retroviruses that targets immune cells and may eventually cause immune-deficiency illness. Triple infection of HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV) /tuberculosis (TB) leads to a worse prognosis than mono-infection. We aimed to unveil the pooled estimation of HIV/HBV/TB co-infection prevalence in Asia, South America, and Africa.

methodsA systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed for studies of the prevalence of HIV/HBV/TB triple infection published from January 1, 1990, to March 31, 2024. The Freeman–Tukey random effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence.

resultsWe included 7 studies with in total 6401 participants and 259 triple infection cases. The pooled triple infection rate in the enrolled population was 4.4% (259/6401; 95% CI 2.2%-7.3%). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of triple infection was significantly higher in the South America (82/950, 8.6%; 95% CI 6.8%-10.4%), in men (86/1817, 3.4%; 95% CI 0.7%-7.8%) and patients receiving antiretroviral treatment (125/1611, 7.4%; 95% CI 5.8%–9.2%). However, no significant difference in the triple infection rate was observed among individuals initially diagnosed with HIV or TB.

conclusionsThis meta-analysis suggests that the prevalence of HIV/HBV/TB triple infection in the regions studied is underestimated, and we should focus more effort on improving novel strategies for identifying triple infection of HIV/HBV/TB. However, additional studies are required to be incorporated in future analyses to provide a pooled estimate of the global pooled prevalence. CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.

Indexed as

CoinfectionHepatitis BHIV InfectionsTuberculosisAfricaAsiaHumansPrevalenceSouth AmericaEpidemiologyHBVHIVInfectious diseasesMeta-analysisTBTriple infection

Identifiers

PMID41422178
PMCPMC12836920

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.