Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41422461›Full record

SynthesisDiabetologia2026

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes among global Indigenous adult populations: a systematic review.

Courtney Claussen, Emily Papadimos, Dianna J Magliano, Cheri Hotu, Hiliary Monteith, Baiju Shah, Louise Maple-Brown, Alex Brown, Odette Pearson, Donald Warne and 3 more

Abstract readSystematic ReviewReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Courtney ClaussenCheyenne River Lakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA. cclauss1@jh.edu.
Emily PapadimosMenzies School of Health and Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
Dianna J MaglianoBaker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Cheri HotuNgāti Maniapoto, Ngāti Ruanui, Te Toka Tumai Auckland City Hospital, Te Whatu Ora, Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand.
Hiliary MonteithDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Baiju ShahDepartment of Medicine and Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Louise Maple-BrownMenzies School of Health and Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
Alex BrownYuin Nation, National Centre for Indigenous Genomics (Australian National University), and The Kids Research Institute Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Odette PearsonEastern Kuku-Yalanji and Zenadth Kes (Torres Strait Islander), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Donald WarneOglala Lakota, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Melanie NadeauTurtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, Department of Indigenous Health, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
Elizabeth L M BarrMenzies School of Health and Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.
Anthony J HanleyDepartments of Nutritional Sciences and Medicine and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. anthony.hanley@utoronto.ca.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisDespite evidence documenting high prevalence of type 2 diabetes among several Indigenous populations, a comprehensive systematic review of type 2 diabetes among global Indigenous Peoples has not been recently conducted. Our aim was to report region-, time-, age- and sex-specific type 2 diabetes prevalence among Indigenous adult populations globally.

methodsMEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL were searched for English-language studies published between 1 January 1980 and 3 March 2023. Studies reporting type 2 diabetes prevalence and/or cases of diabetes among global Indigenous adult populations aged 18 years and older were included. Type 2 diabetes prevalence data were extracted for the overall Indigenous population, sex, age group and year. Summaries of extracted data were tabulated, and are presented using comprehensive tables and figures. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale reflective of Indigenous-specific criteria was applied to assess paper quality.

resultsThe search identified 2332 studies, of which 202 met the inclusion criteria. The included studies represented at least 187 Indigenous populations from 37 countries, although the exact number of populations is approximate, as some studies did not name specific Nations/Tribes/Groups for populations from different geographic regions. Diabetes prevalence ranged from 0 to 40%, with a mean of 73% of Indigenous populations reporting type 2 diabetes prevalence above the estimated global prevalences for every decade between 1980 and 2020. Prevalence increased over time and with age for many populations, with the highest reported prevalence (50.5%) in the 45-54 year age group. Type 2 diabetes prevalence was notably high among Indigenous women, with 73% of studies reporting higher prevalence for Indigenous women than for Indigenous men. Potential limitations include publication bias, which may have led to fewer studies being included in this review. CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationType 2 diabetes prevalence among Indigenous adult populations was markedly higher than the global averages in every decade from 1980 to 2020, with a mean of 73% of populations reporting higher prevalence. These findings underscore the persistent and disproportionate burden of diabetes experienced by many Indigenous communities over several decades. Future work should aim to generate representative data on type 2 diabetes prevalence across global Indigenous populations, investigate factors that contribute to alarmingly high and notably low diabetes prevalence, and support Indigenous-led, culturally safe, Indigenous population-specific health practices to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes and achieve equitable outcomes.

fundingThere was no funding source for this study.

trial registrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42021258623.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2AdultFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIndigenous PeoplesMaleMiddle AgedPopulation GroupsPrevalenceCulturally appropriateHealth equityIndigenous health determinantsIndigenous PeoplesStrengths-basedSystematic reviewType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41422461
PMCPMC12881015

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.