ReviewFrontiers in sleep2023
Development of a combination of noradrenergic and antimuscarinic drugs for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: Challenges and progress.
Review in Frontiers in sleep, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Precision Pharmacotherapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Matching Targeted Drugs to Patient Endophenotypes.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of upper airway muscle control in sleep reveal therapeutic targets for obstructive sleep apnea.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Review
- Noradrenergic input to hypoglossal motoneurons is mediated by interneurons located in prehypoglossal region.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Advancing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Management: Recent Trends from Conventional to Innovative Therapies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Aroxybutynin and atomoxetine (AD109) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the phase 3 clinical trials.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2025Article
- Efficacy of atomoxetine and oxybutynin in the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, a three case report.Frontiers in sleep · 2025Article
- Overview of the hypnodensity approach to scoring sleep for polysomnography and home sleep testing.Frontiers in sleep · 2023Review
- Beyond CPAP: modifying upper airway output for the treatment of OSA.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. The combination of noradrenergic and antimuscarinic drugs has emerged as a potential pharmacological treatment option for OSA, with the most promising combination being atomoxetine plus aroxybutynin. This combination is currently undergoing extensive experimentation and will be soon tested in phase 3 studies. Other noradrenergic drugs including reboxetine, and other antimuscarinics including fesoterodine, hyoscine butylbromide, solifenacin, and biperiden have been tested. The increasing interest in OSA pharmacotherapy is driven by advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and accumulating evidence of the surprising effectiveness of this drug combination. However, challenges remain in accurately measuring the severity of OSA, which can impact our ability to fully understand the efficacy of these medications. Further research is ongoing to address these challenges and to optimize the use of noradrenergic and antimuscarinic drugs for the treatment of OSA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.