ArticleBMC psychiatry2025
Interrelationships of long-term changes in recovery domains among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a six-year follow-up study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Psychosocial Interventions, Recovery, and Mediating Mechanisms in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Verbal fluency and attention and processing speed associated with clinical recovery in patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSocial functioning, symptoms, cognition and well-being are all considered important recovery domains for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). In the current study, we investigated to what extent longitudinal changes in one recovery domain moderated changes in another recovery domain, and which personal, clinical or social patient characteristics influence changes in recovery domains for patients with SSD.
methodsWe investigated data from GROUP, a prospective, longitudinal six-year study of patients with SSD. We analyzed longitudinal changes in 15 outcomes (i.e., subdomains of symptoms, social functioning, cognition, quality of life or well-being), through a linear mixed-effects model analysis. Changes in other outcomes, patients' duration of illness (DOI), and personal, clinical, or social patient characteristics at baseline were treated as covariates in the analyses.
resultsWe observed long-term improvement in all outcomes, except for depressive symptoms and subjective well-being. Larger improvements in positive symptoms, social functioning and executive functioning were indicated for patients with a short DOI. We found multiple, moderating effects, mainly for patients with a short DOI, between changes in cognition, social functioning, symptoms and quality of life. Limited moderating effects were indicated between these recovery domains and well-being. Baseline levels of outcomes, schizophrenia diagnosis, education level, ethnicity, living situation, employment status and marital status were all moderators for changes in most outcomes.
conclusionsSymptoms, social functioning, cognition and quality of life often concurrently improved over the course of SSD. These longitudinal changes were mostly driven by social patient characteristics, such as education level, ethnicity, living situation, employment status and marital status. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.