Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41436499›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Health risk assessment of Sudan dyes, toxic elements, and pesticide residues in Egyptian spices.

Mahmoud M Ghuniem, Hoda M Refai, Khaled Rabie

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Mahmoud M GhuniemMinistry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Agricultural Research Center, Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Foods (QCAP Egypt), 7-Nadi El-said Street, Dokki, P.O. 12311, Giza, Egypt. Mahmoud.ghuniem@qcap-egypt.com.ORCID 0000-0001-7071-9190
Hoda M RefaiMinistry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Agricultural Research Center, Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Foods (QCAP Egypt), 7-Nadi El-said Street, Dokki, P.O. 12311, Giza, Egypt.
Khaled RabieMinistry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Agricultural Research Center, Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Foods (QCAP Egypt), 7-Nadi El-said Street, Dokki, P.O. 12311, Giza, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sudan dyes, toxic elements, and pesticide residues in spices pose potential health risks through long-term exposure, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring. This study evaluated their occurrence and toxicological impact in 80 spice samples collected from Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia, Faiyum, and Alexandria governorates in Egypt. Advanced analytical techniques including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for detection. Several metals: antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) were found in nearly all samples, except As, which appeared in 75%. Mercury (Hg) and tin (Sn) were below quantification limits. Lead exceeded permissible limits in 5% of hot chili, paprika, and cumin samples. Despite being banned, Sudan I and IV dyes were detected in all tested commodities, reaching 52.3 mg/kg in curry and 6.5 mg/kg in hot chili, while Para Red and Sudan 7B were absent. Although metals and pesticides were within safe exposure limits, the detection of Sudan dyes indicates potential health concerns and the need for continued regulatory control.

Indexed as

Azo CompoundsColoring AgentsFood ContaminationPesticide ResiduesSpicesChromatography, High Pressure LiquidEgyptHumansMetals, HeavyRisk AssessmentTandem Mass SpectrometryAzo CompoundsColoring AgentsMetals, HeavyPesticide ResiduesEnvironmental contaminantsHazard quotient, hazard index, spicesHeavy metalsPesticidesSudan dyes

Identifiers

PMID41436499
PMCPMC12727808

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.