Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41438201›Full record

ArticleBioactive materials2026

Immunomodulatory supramolecular hydrogel for rheumatoid arthritis management via adenosine A2A receptor-mediated macrophage remodeling.

Gaona Shi, Xiang Liu, Yazi Wei, Rui Gao, Xuefeng Gao, Yu Zhou, Chengjuan Chen, Junjie Yang, Weiwei Wang, Lan Sun and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Bioactive materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
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  5. Article
  6. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Gaona ShiState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
Xiang LiuInstitute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Yazi WeiState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
Rui GaoTianjin Key Laboratory of Biomaterial Research, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
Xuefeng GaoState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
Yu ZhouState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
Chengjuan ChenState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
Junjie YangState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
Weiwei WangCollege of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
Lan SunState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
Tiantai ZhangState Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Synovial tissue infiltration by pro-inflammatory macrophages is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), correlating strongly with high disease activity scores in affected joints and often lead to progressive joint damage and disability. Methotrexate (MTX) is the frontline therapeutic drug for RA, but its efficacy is hampered by short plasma half-life, reduced bioavailability, and severe adverse effects. To address these limitations, we developed an injectable polymer-nanomedicine supramolecular hydrogel (PNSH) with dynamic mechanical properties and morphology tailored for intra-articular administration and sustained drug release with minimized off-target toxicity. The hydrogel was assembled from MTX-loaded polymeric nanoparticles chemically conjugated with partially oxidized glucomannan.

Indexed as

Adenosine 2A receptorMacrophage polarizationMethotrexateRheumatoid arthritisSupramolecular polymeric hydrogels

Identifiers

PMID41438201
PMCPMC12720354

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.