Next-Generation HDAC Inhibitors: Advancing Zinc-Binding Group Design for Enhanced Cancer Therapy.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are pivotal epigenetic regulators that control gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation, and their dysregulation is closely associated with the onset and progression of multiple cancers. The therapeutic importance of these enzymes is reflected by FDA approval of HDAC inhibitors for oncology indications. Despite this clinical success, most FDA-approved agents employ conventional zinc-binding groups (ZBGs) such as hydroxamic acid and 2-aminoanilide, which are frequently linked to metabolic instability, genotoxicity, and poor pharmacokinetic behavior. These limitations have spurred the development of structurally diverse and safer HDAC inhibitors incorporating alternative ZBGs. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recently developed HDAC inhibitors reported in the last few years, emphasizing their structure-activity relationships (SARs), chemical scaffolds, and binding features-including cap, linker, and ZBG motifs. Both hydroxamate-based and non-hydroxamate inhibitors, such as benzamides, hydrazides, and thiol-containing analogs, are critically evaluated. Moreover, the potency and selectivity profiles of these inhibitors are summarized across different cancer and normal cell lines, as well as specific HDAC isoforms, providing a clearer understanding of their therapeutic potential. Emerging dual-target HDAC inhibitors, such as HDAC-tubulin, HDAC-PI3K and HDAC-CDK hybrids, are also discussed for their synergistic anticancer effects.