ReviewMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Redox-Immune Axis and Ozone Pollution: From Oxidative Stress to Thymic Involution and Neurodegeneration.
Review in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic exposure to low concentrations of ozone leads to oxidative stress, which disrupts immune regulation. The thymus gland plays a crucial role in the maturation and differentiation of T lymphocytes, cells essential for the body's defense and immune tolerance. In the early years of life, the thymus is highly active, but after adolescence, it undergoes a process known as thymic involution. This process involves a reduction in the size and functionality of the thymus, which is gradually replaced by adipose tissue. Ozone pollution exacerbates this involution and impairs the thymus's proper function. Consequently, thymic cells may alter their function, leading to a decreased production and diversity of T lymphocytes. This decrease contributes to the establishment of chronic inflammatory states, autoimmunity, and a reduced capacity to respond to infections. Immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation can further result in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, thymic involution, exacerbated by environmental factors and oxidative stress, negatively impacts overall immunity and accelerates the progression of degenerative diseases over time. This review aims to explore the relationship between oxidative stress and its impact on the thymus gland. We hypothesize that understanding the relationship between ozone pollution and disruption of the redox-immune axis is crucial for understanding the role of the thymus in senescence and neurodegenerative diseases. To explore this topic, we conducted a review from 2006 to 2025, utilizing several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and Web of Science.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.