ArticleScientific reports2025
Cannabidiol perturbs macrophage polarization by interfering with the metabolic flux and PI3K/Akt pathway.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Medical Cannabis and the Hallmarks of Cancer: A Critical Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cannabidiol selectively attenuates lipotoxic immunometabolic inflammation in human macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cannabinoids are increasingly used for medical application, yet the impact of specific cannabinoids on innate immune cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain controversial. In this study, we investigated the effect of cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD) on macrophage polarization toward M1 and M2 using murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). CBD markedly inhibited IL-6 production and nitric oxide production without affecting TNF-α production in M1 polarized (LPS + IFN-γ-treated) macrophages. CBD treatment of M1 macrophages, however, increased expression of MHC II and CD86. On the other hand, CBD decreased key M2 markers, including CD206 and arginase-1, in IL-4-treated M2 macrophages. Mechanistically, CBD did not alter signaling downstream of TLR4 or IFN-γR (NF-κB, MAPK, and STAT1 pathways) but inhibited Akt phosphorylation in M1 macrophages. Metabolic flux analysis further revealed that CBD significantly enhanced glycolysis in M1 macrophages while reducing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in M2 macrophages. Collectively, our findings revealed the multi-faceted effect of CBD on macrophage polarization by interfering with PI3K/Akt signaling and altering the metabolic flux. Taken together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into how CBD interferes with innate immune functions during macrophage polarization that may inform future therapeutic strategies utilizing cannabinoids.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.