ReviewJournal of nanobiotechnology2025
Spatiotemporally controlled delivery of biomacromolecules via injectable hydrogels for precision modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment.
Review in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Fundamentals and Advances in Programmable Peptide Hydrogels for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications: A Review.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Photothermal-Responsive Polyvinyl Alcohol/Gelatin/Graphene Oxide Hydrogels Loaded with Quercetin for NIR-Triggered Controlled Drug Delivery.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Smart hydrogels for overcoming cancer multidrug resistance.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The pronounced heterogeneity and immunosuppressive characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) substantially impede the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies. Biomacromolecules-such as antibodies, cytokines, and nucleic acids-have emerged as powerful tools for precisely modulating immune responses within the TIME. However, their clinical translation remains challenging due to inherent limitations, including enzymatic degradation, systemic toxicity, off-target effects, and poor tumor accumulation. Injectable hydrogels represent a promising platform for the spatiotemporal delivery of biomacromolecular therapeutics, enabling localized, controlled, and sustained release. Their structural versatility allows for the co-delivery of multiple bioactive agents and nanoparticle-based drugs, with tunable release kinetics tailored to therapeutic needs. In this review, we propose a three-tiered delivery strategy framework based on injectable hydrogels, reflecting the progressive evolution of delivery functionality. We systematically categorize hydrogel-mediated biomacromolecule delivery into three major types-proteins, nucleic acids, and glycans-highlighting their mechanisms of spatiotemporal release and immunomodulatory functions in the TIME. Additionally, we critically examine existing barriers to clinical translation and discuss how artificial intelligence (AI) can be leveraged to optimize hydrogel formulation and predict synergistic antitumor effects. Finally, we explore the integration of organoid platforms and humanized animal models to establish more physiologically relevant evaluation systems for hydrogel-based delivery platforms. These advances collectively aim to accelerate the clinical translation of hydrogel-mediated biomacromolecule delivery systems and facilitate next-generation precision immunotherapies for cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.