Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41450035›Full record

Trial reportNeuropsychopharmacology reports2026

Probiotic Supplementation and Executive Function in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Abdolrahman Parhiz, Pegah Samani, Majid Kamali, Yeganeh Shekari, Niayesh Naghshi, Newsha Faghihshojaei, Faezeh Tejareh, Niloufar Pourmalek Lahiji, Ali Nori, Atefeh Aminifard and 4 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Neuropsychopharmacology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Abdolrahman ParhizKish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Pegah SamaniNutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran.
Majid KamaliSchool of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Yeganeh ShekariDepartment of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
Niayesh NaghshiDepartemen of Clinical Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Newsha FaghihshojaeiDepartment of microbiology, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.
Faezeh TejarehDepartment of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran.
Niloufar Pourmalek LahijiFaculty of Sciences, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran.
Ali NoriDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Atefeh AminifardDepartment of Food Industry, School of Food Sciences and Industry, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Parsa BahmaniDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Saeid DoaeiReproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Al-Zahra Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1337-4963
Fatemeh RabipourDepartemen of Psychology, Ra.C., Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
Maryam GholamalizadehNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Funding

Guilan University of Medical Sciences
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which substantially impacts children's academic and social performance. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of probiotic supplementation on executive functioning in children with ADHD.

methodsThis triple-blind, randomized controlled trial included 84 children with ADHD who were randomly allocated to receive either a probiotic supplement including Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Bifidobacterium Lactis, and Bifidobacterium Longum or a placebo, administered once daily for 2 months. Executive function was assessed using the parent form of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance after adjusting the confounding variables.

resultsNo significant difference was found between executive function scores of the groups at baseline (191.45 ± 20.725 vs. 190.55 ± 23.520, p = 0.214). Probiotic treatment significantly improved the scores of the intervention group compared to the control group (151.50 ± 16.784 vs. 190.68 ± 23.479, F = 7.93, p < 0.001) after adjusting for the confounders including age, BMI, and IQ.

conclusionProbiotics may be beneficial as non-pharmacological adjunctive therapy for enhancing executive function in children with ADHD. Further studies with extended follow-up durations and objective neuropsychological evaluations are warranted.

trial registrationIRCT: IRCT20210531051454N2.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityExecutive FunctionProbioticsChildDietary SupplementsDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHumansMaleTreatment Outcomeattention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)executive functionprobiotic

Identifiers

PMID41450035
PMCPMC12741551

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.