Evidence mapPaperPMID 41454302Full record

SynthesisBMC ophthalmology2025

Diabetic retinopathy in Sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence and regional variations from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mohamed Farah Ismail, Intisar Khalafalla, Zakaria Omar Sheck, Sowda Abdikariim Shiekh Isse, Fathi Abdi Farah, Ibrahim Abdirahman Mohamed, Abdulkarim Ismail Qarbote, Abdikarim Ahmed Warsame, Naima Abdinour Salah, Amina Mohamed Mire and 1 more

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in BMC ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Special Issue: Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment of Retinal Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Mohamed Farah IsmailDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda. ismail.mohamed.25465@studwc.kiu.ac.ug.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-2594-6728
Intisar KhalafallaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-1085-4011
Zakaria Omar SheckDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda.
Sowda Abdikariim Shiekh IsseDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-1857-0318
Fathi Abdi FarahDepartment of OBGY, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Uganda.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-4877-2226
Ibrahim Abdirahman MohamedDepartment of Orthopedics, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Uganda.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-1877-0211
Abdulkarim Ismail QarboteDepartment of Ophthalmology, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Kampala, Uganda.
Abdikarim Ahmed WarsameDepartment of ENT, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Republic of Uganda.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-3422-6003
Naima Abdinour SalahDepartment of Public Health, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Uganda.
Amina Mohamed MireDepartment of OBGY, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Uganda.
Bahja Ahmed MuminDepartment of OBGY, Kampala International University, Ishaka, Uganda.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-0989-9245

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a significant cause of blindness worldwide, In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the epidemic of diabetes is rapidly expanding, with hundreds of millions expected by 2045, and DR is approximated to afflict about one-third of individuals with diabetes in the region Nevertheless, the total burden of DR in SSA has not been methodically estimated.

objectiveWe sought to estimate the pooled prevalence of DR in adults with diabetes in SSA and investigate sources of variation.

methodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched PubMed, AJOL, Google Scholar, and other sources through mid-2024 for observational studies (cross-sectional or cohort) that reported DR prevalence in adults with diabetes in SSA. Two reviewers screened records, extracted data (study, country, design, sample size, DR cases), and evaluated quality using the JBI checklist. Random-effects meta-analysis (logit transformation) estimated pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI), Heterogeneity was measured by Cochran's Q and I

resultsWe pooled 30 studies (N = 16,329 individuals) from 18 SSA countries, Most were hospital-based and cross-sectional; no study was excluded due to high bias. The overall pooled prevalence of DR among individuals with diabetes was 25.5% (95% CI: 20.7%-31.0%) (Logit = -1.072, 95% CI -1.345 to -0.799; p < 0.001). Heterogeneity was very high (I

conclusionAbout a quarter of diabetics in SSA have DR. This is similar to regional estimates (28% in East Africapubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) but slightly lower than the overall Africa average (~36%)pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. The high heterogeneity suggests that the prevalence of DR is highly variable throughout SSA. Restricted access to eye care, late diagnosis, and inadequate glycemic control in SSA are probably responsible for this, these findings highlight the urgent need for systematic diabetic retinopathy screening and management programs in sub-Saharan Africa.

Indexed as

Diabetic RetinopathyAfrica South of the SaharaHumansPrevalenceDiabetes mellitusDiabetic retinopathyMeta-analysisPrevalenceSub-Saharan AfricaSystematic review

Identifiers

PMID41454302
PMCPMC12849450

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.