ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Unpacking the anti-fibrotic arsenal: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic translation of MSC-derived exosomes in pulmonary fibrosis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Stem cell extracellular vesicles for neuropsychiatric disorders and translation.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive, fatal interstitial lung disease with a dire prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Current standard-of-care anti-fibrotic agents (e.g., nintedanib and pirfenidone) offer only modest efficacy in slowing disease progression. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have recently emerged as a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy, boasting superior biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, enhanced biodistribution, and an innate tropism for injured tissues. Their potent anti-fibrotic effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms: targeted homing to fibrotic niches; reprogramming of dysregulated immune responses, notably by shifting macrophage polarization from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to an anti-inflammatory/reparative (M2) phenotype; suppression of pathological extracellular matrix deposition via inhibition of core fibrogenic pathways; and alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in alveolar epithelial cells. This review systematically delineates the biological functions and molecular mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic actions of MSC-Exos in PF. We further evaluate completed and ongoing clinical trials (2014-2024), appraise the current translational landscape, and identify persistent challenges in drug development. Ultimately, this integrative analysis aims to define the mechanistic basis of MSC-Exos' efficacy, evaluate their clinical trajectory, and provide a strategic roadmap for their development into precision nanotherapeutics for PF.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.