Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41460355›Full record

ReviewJournal of neuro-oncology2025

Adaptive immunotherapeutic paradigms in diffuse midline glioma: integrating epigenetic reprogramming, neuron-glioma interactions, and tumor microenvironment modulation.

Justin Liu, Joseph H Ha, Matthew Abikenari, Matthew Adam Sjoholm, Shreyas Annagiri, Karthik Ravi, Brandon H Bergsneider, Rohit Verma, Debebe Theodros, Ravi Medikonda and 4 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Justin Liu *Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Joseph H Ha *Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Matthew AbikenariDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Matthew Adam SjoholmDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Shreyas AnnagiriDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Karthik RaviDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Brandon H BergsneiderDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Rohit VermaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Debebe TheodrosDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Ravi MedikondaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Gordon LiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Laura M ProloDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
Michelle MonjeDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.
Michael LimDepartment of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA. mklim@stanford.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDiffuse midline gliomas, including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas, represent one of the most aggressive pediatric malignancies in the central nervous system with a uniformly poor prognosis. They can be consistently identified by mutations in histone H3 K27M, which are associated with aggressive tumor biology, marked resistance to therapies, and abysmal survival. The current review critically assesses the existing application of immunotherapeutic modalities in DMGs, emphasizing biological hurdles in efficacy, translation methodologies, and prospects in attaining sustained responses.

methodsWe examined preclinical and early clinical studies in DMGs for immune therapies such as peptide vaccines against H3K27M antigens, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, immune checkpoint modulation, and radioimmunotherapy. Current developments in the interface of cancer neuroscience and tumor interaction with neurons were incorporated in a manner relevant to immune suppression in the microenvironment of DMG. Although these tumors have traditionally shown poor immune reactivity because of low tumor mutational burden, immune-privileged sites, and a strongly suppressive tumor microenvironment, a variety of different immune therapeutic approaches have shown promising early efficacy. Of particular interest are neoantigen-targeted vaccines and CAR T-cell therapy using surface antigens. Preliminary findings suggest an important role for neuron-glioma synaptic and paracrine signaling in mediating tumor progression and immune evasion.

conclusionsImmunotherapy for DMGs is moving from a conceptual state to a translational reality. A better understanding of the realm of tumor immune-neural crosstalk, combination therapies, and immune biology in pediatric patients will be critical in addressing resistance and providing durable control for these aggressive malignancies.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsEpigenesis, GeneticGliomaImmunotherapyNeuronsTumor MicroenvironmentAnimalsHumansCAR T cellDiffuse intrinsic pontine gliomaDiffuse midline gliomasImmunotherapyNeuroscienceNeurosurgeryOncologyRadioimmunotherapyVaccine

Identifiers

PMID41460355
PMCPMC12748091

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.