ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
17β-Estradiol and Its Metabolites Induce Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids in Primary Porcine Thyroid Follicular Cells-Comparison Between Sexes.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Sexual dimorphism significantly influences the epidemiology of thyroid disorders, with females exhibiting higher incidence of thyroid diseases. Estrogens and their hydroxylated metabolites are key regulators of cellular redox balance and may contribute to sex-specific susceptibility through pro-oxidative mechanisms. However, the impact of individual estrogen metabolites on oxidative stress in thyroid follicular cells remains poorly defined. Here, we investigated the pro-oxidative effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) and its hydroxylated metabolites-2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1)-in primary porcine thyroid cell cultures from males and females. Primary follicular thyroid cells were isolated from six male and six female pigs. Cells were exposed to E2 (100 nM) or its metabolites (1 μM), with or without Fenton reaction substrates (Fe
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