ArticleBMC public health2025
Determinants of pesticide safety behaviors among Iranian farmers: applying the health action model.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesGiven the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture and associated health risks, this study examined the psychosocial determinants of safety behaviors among Iranian farmers using the Health Action Model (HAM), a critical step for informing effective public health interventions.
methodsThis cross-sectional study applied the Health Action Model (HAM) to assess pesticide safety behaviors among 384 farmers in Northeast Iran, selected via multistage random sampling. Validated questionnaires measured knowledge, attitudes, and environmental factors affecting safety practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (SPSS v26).
resultsThe sample was predominantly male (72.4%) with a mean age of 46.2 ± 15.3 years and limited formal education (59.6% with a diploma). Key findings revealed that: (1) Knowledge systems were strong predictors of safety intention (β = 0.39) and practice (β = 0.28), while environmental factors had a similar impact (β ≈ 0.32); (2) A strong relationship was found between behavioral intention and actual action (β = 0.47, p < 0.001); however, the moderate strength of this pathway indicates a significant intention-action gap; (3) The effectiveness of training followed a dose-response relationship, with multiple sessions having a significantly greater impact than a single session and (4) Gender and education differences were evident, and females showed significantly lower risky intention (β = -0.18) and action (β = -0.17) scores compared to males.
conclusionsThe findings underscore that environmental factors and knowledge are the most robust predictors of safety behavior, suggesting that interventions must address both cognitive and structural barriers. This framework offers valuable guidance for implementing effective multi-component interventions, combining targeted education with infrastructural support, particularly in developing nations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.