ArticleMicroorganisms2025
Fate and Removal of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in a Rural Wastewater Treatment Plant: A Microbial Perspective of Nature-Based Versus Advanced Technologies.
Article in Microorganisms, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibiotics (ATBs), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) present an increasing threat/challenge to our environment and human health, resulting in increasingly strict wastewater management regulations through the revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD, 2024/3019/EU). This study evaluates a vertical-flow constructed wetland (CW) as a nature-based solution for removing ATBs, ARB, and ARGs from urban wastewater. The CW operated alongside two conventional quaternary treatments: granular activated carbon (GAC) and ozonation combined with GAC (O3 + GAC). Hydraulic conditions were kept stable across seasonal variations. Three antibiotics were quantified (through LC-MS/MS) in parallel to ARGs (through qPCR and metagenomics) and bacterial profiling (metabarcoding and plate counts). Results indicate that under the conditions tested (rural environment; UWWTP 13.000 p.e.), the CW achieves effective and stable removal of ATBs and ARGs. This study highlights the potential of nature-based solutions to match advanced quaternary treatments in removal performance and operational reliability, offering a sustainable and cost-effective means to reduce the spread of ATBs and ARGs via wastewater.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.