ArticleBMJ open2025
Hypertension care performance in Indonesia: evidence from three waves of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo examine national trends and determinants of hypertension diagnosis, treatment and control in Indonesia, and to identify factors influencing the performance of hypertension care across three waves of national health surveys.
designRepeated cross-sectional analysis of three nationally representative health surveys (2013, 2018 and 2023).
settingHousehold-based, population-level surveys conducted across all provinces of Indonesia, representing primary healthcare settings.
participantsAdults aged ≥18 years included in the 2013, 2018 and 2023 Indonesian National Health Research surveys (Riset Kesehatan Dasar and Survei Kesehatan Indonesia). Participants with complete blood pressure measurements and information on diagnosis and treatment were included; those with missing data were excluded. The weighted sample sizes were representative of Indonesia's adult population by sex, age group and urban-rural residence. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were hypertension prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and control rates. Secondary analyses assessed sociodemographic, economic and health system factors associated with each stage of the hypertension care cascade using multivariate logistic regression. All estimates were adjusted for survey design and population weights.
resultsHypertension crude prevalence increased from 27.9% (95% CI 27.7% to 28.2%) in 2013 to 31.6% (95% CI 31.4% to 31.8%) in 2023. Diagnosis rates declined from 33.0% in 2013 to 24.1% in 2018, then slightly rose to 26.9% in 2023. Treatment rates doubled from 10.4% to 22.4% over the decade, corresponding to an estimated 10 million additional adults receiving antihypertensive therapy. However, control rates improved only modestly, from 2.3% to 4.2%, leaving over 95% of hypertensive adults with uncontrolled blood pressure. Women, urban residents and individuals in higher wealth quintiles had consistently better outcomes across all stages of care.
conclusionsIndonesia faces a growing hypertension burden, with most cases being undiagnosed. Although treatment coverage has doubled over the past decade, control rates have remained stagnant, and disparities between wealth groups persist. Strengthening long-term management, follow-up and equitable care is essential to improve outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.