Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41476218›Full record

SynthesisMalaria journal2025

Prevalence and associated risk factors of asymptomatic malaria in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Alameen Mukhtar, Mubarak Ismail, Aminu Usman, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim, Abdulmalik Abdullahi Salman, Hafsatu Garba Bawa-Sani, Shafique Sani Nass, Baba Waru Goni, Muhammad Nazir Shehu and 3 more

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-AnalysisReview
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Alameen MukhtarJoint Laboratory for Antibody Research and Application, Shaanxi International Cooperation Demonstration Base, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi, China.
Mubarak IsmailJoint Laboratory for Antibody Research and Application, Shaanxi International Cooperation Demonstration Base, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi, China.
Aminu UsmanDepartment of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University , Katsina, Nigeria.
Ismail Ayoade OdetokunDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Mohammed Auwal IbrahimDepartment of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Abdulmalik Abdullahi SalmanDepartment of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Hafsatu Garba Bawa-SaniFaculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria.
Shafique Sani NassNational Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
Baba Waru GoniBiomedical Science Research and Training Centre, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria.
Muhammad Nazir ShehuFederal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Katsina, Nigeria.
Abdulkadir NuhuFederal Teaching Hospital Katsina, Katsina, Nigeria.
Xiaoying ZhangJoint Laboratory for Antibody Research and Application, Shaanxi International Cooperation Demonstration Base, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi, China.
Murtala Bindawa IsahJoint Laboratory for Antibody Research and Application, Shaanxi International Cooperation Demonstration Base, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723000, Shaanxi, China. isah.murtala@umyu.edu.ng.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAsymptomatic malaria presents a significant barrier to malaria elimination efforts, particularly in endemic countries like Nigeria. Despite its public health relevance, no national-level pooled estimate of its prevalence and associated risk factors currently exists for Nigeria. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize existing data to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and identify affected populations and risk factors across Nigeria.

methodsA systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus was conducted to identify observational studies reporting the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Nigeria. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024591788). Eligible studies were screened using Rayyan software, and relevant data were extracted into Microsoft Excel. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata version 15.0. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was assessed using meta-regression and subgroup analyses, while publication bias was evaluated using funnel plot visualization.

resultsA total of 25 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Nigeria was estimated at 33% (95% CI 26-41). Prevalence varied by population subgroup, ranging from 25% in the general population to 52% in children. Risk factor analysis revealed an overall prevalence of 19% related to education level, 36% based on sex, and 39% associated with insecticide-treated net (ITN) usage.

conclusionThis review highlights a high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Nigeria, particularly among children. While asymptomatic infections sustain transmission, current evidence underscores the need to prioritize proven transmission-reduction tools. With reduced transmission, the asymptomatic reservoir can then be more effectively addressed through complementary strategies.

Indexed as

Asymptomatic InfectionsMalariaHumansNigeriaPrevalenceRisk FactorsAsymptomatic malariaChildrenMalaria controlNigeriaPregnant womenPrevalenceRisk factors

Identifiers

PMID41476218
PMCPMC12866038

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.