ArticleCell reports2026
Growth factors maintain intratumoral heterogeneity and drive therapeutic resistance in triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Cell reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beyond Molecular Classification in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Toward Subtype-Guided Precision Oncology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Gas Vesicles and Acoustic Protein Nanostructures in Molecular Ultrasound Nanomedicine: Translational Archetypes, Biomaterial Design, and Barriers to Clinical Realization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Progress of siRNA Nanomedicines in Modulating the Microenvironment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) shows considerable intratumoral heterogeneity, which contributes to therapeutic resistance. Recent studies show that targeted therapeutics can steer TNBC toward homogeneous, drug-resistant states, but little is understood about how the microenvironment modulates these responses. We report studies to determine how components of the microenvironment impact response to trametinib and cellular heterogeneity. We find that multiple microenvironmental factors, including HGF and neuregulin 1, can drive therapeutic resistance and that treatment with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibitors restores trametinib sensitivity. Interestingly, treatment with these ligands reverses trametinib-induced homogeneity, restoring heterogeneity to levels comparable to baseline both in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of patient data demonstrates that TNBC with high HGF expression levels has a poor outcome and increased expression of basal and mesenchymal state markers. Our data suggest that common growth factors drive therapeutic resistance and maintain tumor heterogeneity in TNBC, and that co-targeting these factors may improve therapeutic response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.