ArticleNanoscale2026
Hijacking exosome biogenesis: viral glycoproteins as modular scaffolds for engineering functionalized extracellular vesicles.
Article in Nanoscale, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- From LNPs to hybrid nanocarriers: development, challenges and redesign of non-viral gene delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Bioengineering of extracellular vesicles with scaffold proteins for drug delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are emerging as versatile, biologically derived nanocarriers for precision drug delivery, yet strategies to enhance their targeting efficiency remain limited. Inspired by viral tropism, this study investigates whether viral envelope glycoproteins (GPs) can co-opt native biogenesis pathways to functionalize sEV membranes. Diverse viral GPs from both DNA and RNA viruses-including VSVG, HSV-gpB, SARS-CoV-1 spike, and RD114A-are shown to efficiently incorporate into sEV membranes in human cells, independent of viral assembly. Live-cell confocal imaging and co-localization with canonical sEV markers (CD63, XPACK) reveals that these GPs hijacked endosomal trafficking routes to access the sEV biogenesis machinery. Strikingly, truncation of the ectodomain does not impede sEV sorting, indicating the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains as primary determinants of incorporation. Functionally, sEV bearing VSVG exhibit over a 2-fold increase in uptake by recipient cells compared to unmodified sEVs. These findings uncover a conserved mechanism by which viral GPs exploit host sEV pathways and establish a modular strategy for sEV surface engineering. This work paves the way for the rational design of targeted, virus-inspired sEV therapeutics for cancer, neurological disease, and gene delivery applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.