SynthesisNeurosurgical review2026
Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors as targeted therapy for glioblastoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Synthesis in Neurosurgical review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Identification of immune-related gene signature for predicting prognosis of glioblastoma patients.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults, with poor long-term survival despite standard treatment. Targeted therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and mTOR inhibitors have been explored to improve outcomes, but their clinical benefit in GBM remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of ICIs and mTORi in adult patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent GB. Databases searched included PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Semantic Scholar through March 2025. Hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were extracted or estimated and pooled using a fixed-effect model. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane tool. Twenty-one trials involving 2,130 patients were included (12 on ICIs, 9 on mTOR inhibitors). ICIs showed no significant OS benefit (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.98-1.24; p = 0.10), but a modest improvement in PFS (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.04-1.33; p = 0.01). Pembrolizumab in a neoadjuvant setting demonstrated the most favorable outcomes. In contrast, mTOR inhibitors were associated with significantly worse OS (HR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.08-1.89; p = 0.01), and no PFS benefit (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.89-1.51). ICIs were commonly associated with immune-related adverse events, while mTOR inhibitors showed hematologic and metabolic toxicities. Neither ICIs nor mTOR inhibitors consistently improved survival in unselected GB populations. However, tailored approaches based on molecular features or delivery methods may offer benefits and should be further investigated.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41484472What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.