Deep Learning Integration in Optical Microscopy: Advancements and Applications.

Optical microscopy is a cornerstone imaging technique in biomedical research, enabling visualization of subcellular structures beyond the resolution limit of the human eye. However, conventional optical microscopy faces challenges such as optical aberrations, diffraction-limited resolution, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and poor contrast. The exponential growth of bioimaging data further underscores the need for advanced computational tools. Deep learning (DL) is a subset of machine learning that has emerged as a transformative approach to address these limitations, offering enhanced precision, reduced manual intervention, and diminished reliance on domain-specific expertise for image reconstruction, enhancement, and analysis. This review explores the integration of DL into optical microscopy, focusing on key applications including image classification, segmentation, and computational reconstruction. We examine prominent DL architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), U-Nets, residual networks (ResNets), and generative adversarial networks (GANs)-and their role in advancing diverse microscopy modalities. These frameworks enhance image quality, improve quantitative analysis, and democratize access to high-performance microscopy. Additionally, we discuss persisting challenges, including the demand for large, annotated datasets, dynamic sample variability, model interpretability, and potential data biases. Collectively, DL is poised to revolutionize optical microscopy, shaping its future developments in biomedical imaging.