ReviewRadiological physics and technology2026
Correction and utilization of the washout effect in range-verification PET for particle therapy.
Review in Radiological physics and technology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
In charged particle therapy, it is essential to verify the irradiation beam range. Thus, using positron (β+)-emitting nuclides which are produced in irradiated tissue, positron emission tomography (PET) has been studied, and clinically applied for in vivo range verification in particle therapy. However, a correction method for the biological washout effect is one of the fundamental issues for quantitative verification of the beam range; the irradiation-induced β+-emitting nuclides are affected by the pathophysiological environment such as blood perfusion. Since the biological washout effect is a tissue-specific phenomenon, extensive basic and clinical research has been conducted for modeling its kinetic process. Although considered as an undesirable factor in PET-based range validation, on the other hand, the biological washout effect may provide unique insights into the vascular status of a tumor and potentially support evaluation of the cancer pathophysiology. Consequently, this review provides a comprehensive outline of studies of the biological washout effect in particle therapy, focusing on both its correction and potential beneficial utilization.
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