Evidence mapPaperPMID 41490119Full record

Trial reportPloS one2026

Feasibility of glycated haemoglobin target-setting in adults with diabetes: A mixed-methods study.

Samuel J Westall, Simon Watmough, Ram Prakash Narayanan, Greg Irving, Kevin John Hardy

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Samuel J WestallFaculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0003-1428-3681
Simon WatmoughFaculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom.
Ram Prakash NarayananDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mersey and West Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St Helens Hospital, Marshalls Cross Road, St Helens, United Kingdom.
Greg IrvingFaculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-9471-3700
Kevin John HardyDepartment of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mersey and West Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St Helens Hospital, Marshalls Cross Road, St Helens, United Kingdom.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHbA1c targets guide diabetes management to reduce complications, yet their psychological effects are poorly understood. This feasibility study evaluated the practicality of conducting a definitive trial evaluating the impact of explicit HbA1c target-setting in adults with diabetes.

methodsWe conducted a randomised mixed-methods feasibility study. Adults with diabetes were allocated 1:1 to receive an explicit HbA1c target set 5 mmol/mol above (Group A) or below (Group B) their current HbA1c. Biomedical (HbA1c, blood pressure, BMI) and psychometric patient-reported outcomes were measured at baseline and 3 months. Quantitative data were analysed in SPSS using independent-sample t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests for between-group comparisons, and paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for within-group changes. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with patients and healthcare professionals were analysed using the Framework Method of thematic analysis in NVivo. Acceptability was assessed via interview, and mixed-methods findings were integrated through triangulation to enhance validity.

resultsFifty participants were recruited; 34% withdrew. Though not powered to determine statistical significance, no between-group differences were observed in HbA1c or patient-reported outcomes. Across groups, diabetes distress decreased, self-efficacy improved, and HbA1c improved. Interviews indicated high acceptability and identified key motivators (target achievability, hypoglycaemia avoidance) and demotivators (limited understanding, perceived unattainability). DISCUSSION: A randomised mixed-methods approach to HbA1c target-setting is feasible and acceptable, providing methodological insights for a definitive trial.

trial registrationThe study is registered with the ISRCTN (registration number: 12461724; date registered: 11th June 2021).

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycated HemoglobinAdultAgedFeasibility StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPatient Reported Outcome MeasuresGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, human

Identifiers

PMID41490119
PMCPMC12768356

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.