ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2026
RVG-targeted extracellular vesicles loaded with echinatin attenuate dopaminergic neurodegeneration via the IGF-2/PI3K/Akt pathway in Parkinson's disease mice.
Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineered Brain-Targeted Exosomes Delivering FGF1 for Sustained Glycemic Regulation and Multitarget Neurovascular Protection in Diabetic Stroke.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Dietary Yam (Nutrients · 2026Article
- Research progress of blood-brain barrier penetrating and brain diseases therapy by natural biopolymer - based nanomedicine delivery systems.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial transplantation for delirium superimposed on dementia: from pathogenic mechanisms to clinical translation challenges.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The development of effective neuroprotective therapies is severely hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts drug delivery to the central nervous system. This study aimed to develop a novel brain-targeted nanodelivery system by functionalizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG)-derived peptide to deliver echinatin (Echi), and to systematically evaluate its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms in a mouse model of PD.
resultsWe successfully engineered the nanotherapeutics, termed RVG-EVs@Echi, which efficiently crossed the BBB and selectively accumulated in DA neurons and microglia following systemic administration. In a chronic MPTP-induced mouse model of PD, treatment with RVG-EVs@Echi significantly ameliorated motor deficits and rescued tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, with no detectable peripheral toxicity. Mechanistically, RVG-EVs@Echi exerted potent neuroprotective effects by upregulating insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and activating the downstream PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling cascade, which mitigated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, integrated multi-omics analyses revealed that RVG-EVs@Echi treatment modulated metabolic profiles in the midbrain and gut, and partially restored MPTP-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis.
conclusionsThis study demonstrates that RVG-EVs@Echi represents a safe, noninvasive, and effective nanotherapeutic platform for targeted brain delivery in PD. By activating the IGF-2/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 neuroprotective pathway and modulating the gut-brain metabolic axis, this targeted delivery system presents a highly promising and translatable strategy for the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.