Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41496893›Full record

SynthesisJournal of diabetes research2026

Dietary Choline and Betaine Are Not Associated With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

Elham Sharifi-Zahabi, Sobhan Mohammadi, Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, Nooshin Nasiri, Fatemeh Sadeghi, Amir Saber

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of diabetes research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Elham Sharifi-ZahabiStudent Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, kums.ac.ir.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-6629
Sobhan MohammadiDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, tums.ac.ir.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4611-9467
Fatemeh Hajizadeh-SharafabadPatient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran, umsu.ac.ir.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1959-5705
Nooshin NasiriExercise Physiology Department, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, iauctb.ac.ir.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0561-9297
Fatemeh SadeghiDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, kums.ac.ir.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1594-9377
Amir SaberDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, kums.ac.ir.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9886-0054

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: The link between dietary choline/betaine and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been shown in several studies. However, the findings are controversial. This meta-analysis evaluated the connection between dietary choline/betaine and the incidence of T2D. Methods: A thorough and organized search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to September 2024. All reported effect sizes and their 95% CIs for risk of T2D were used to estimate log RRs with their standard errors (SEs). The overall combined effect size was obtained via a random effects model. The variability among the studies was examined using Cochrane's Results: A total of five studies, including 76,678 subjects, provided data on the relationship between dietary choline and T2D risk. Compared with the lowest category of dietary choline, the combined RR for the diabetes incidence was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.33; Conclusion: The findings of this study do not advocate the role of dietary choline/betaine in T2D incidence. Due to the limited number of primary studies and high heterogeneities among them, more rigorously designed prospective studies are required to confirm our results.

Indexed as

BetaineCholineDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2DietHumansIncidenceObservational Studies as TopicRisk FactorsBetaineCholinebetainecholinemeta-analysisType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41496893
PMCPMC12767234

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.