SynthesisNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2026
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Features Associated With Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Synthesis in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recurrent Catatonia During Longitudinal Evaluation of Possible Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Minimally Clinically Important Difference of the Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Telitacicept as a potential therapeutic alternative in autoantibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis: a case report.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Current and Future Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review of Biomarker Detection Techniques and Their Performance.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis With Neuropsychiatric Presentation: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesSeronegative autoimmune encephalitis (AE), defined by an appropriate clinical phenotype in the absence of known neuronal autoantibodies, poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to clinical heterogeneity and lack of definitive biomarkers. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data to characterize the phenotypes, treatment responses, and prognostic factors in seronegative AE.
methodsWe included 213 cases from 30 studies published between 2014 and 2024 and 11 from a local cohort meeting Graus criteria for seronegative AE. We extracted details on clinical and paraclinical features, immunotherapy, and outcomes measured via the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Clinical Assessment Scale for Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE). Multivariate regression and dimensionality reduction analyses identified prognostic markers.
resultsOf 224 patients (median age 49 years, 50.9% male), 72 (32.1%) had limbic encephalitis (LE) and 152 (67.9%) had antibody-negative probable AE (ANPRA). Good outcome (mRS score ≤2) was more common in LE (49/72, 68.1%) than in ANPRA (76/154, 50.0%) ( DISCUSSION: Seronegative AE comprises clinically and prognostically distinct subtypes. Early immunotherapy is the key modifiable factor influencing outcome. We advocate for biomarker discovery and prospective, systematically reported cohort studies to improve stratification and treatment strategies in this diagnostically challenging population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.