Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41501538›Full record

ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2026

Differential neural responses to rhythmic and patterned TMS protocols: Insights from EEG spectral analysis.

Thomas E Valles, Mohamad Shamas, Hope Hawkins, Cole Matthews, Doan Ngo, Hrag Peltekian, Hewa Artin, Margaret G Distler, Dustin Z DeYoung, Evan H Einstein and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Thomas E VallesTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. tvalles@mednet.ucla.edu.
Mohamad ShamasTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Hope HawkinsTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Cole MatthewsTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Doan NgoTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Hrag PeltekianTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Hewa ArtinTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Margaret G DistlerTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Dustin Z DeYoungTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Evan H EinsteinTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6489-4128
Nathaniel D GinderTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1854-2337
Ralph J KoekTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
David E KrantzTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Michael K LeuchterTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Hanadi A OughliTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Aaron R SlanTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-8657-1530
Thomas B StrouseTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Reza TadayonnejadTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4665-6721
Scott A WilkeTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Alexander S YoungTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9367-9213
Juliana CorlierTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Andrew F LeuchterTMS Clinical and Research Service, Neuromodulation Division, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Funding

Resonant Frequency rTMS: A Novel Approach to Target Circuit Modulation in MDDR01MH135293 · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · 2025 to 2025
$643k
Multi-target repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and comorbid painK01MH123887 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Juliana Corlier · 2022 to 2022
$183k
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) K01MH123887U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) R01MH135293
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) engages brain networks for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), using either rhythmic (e.g., 10 Hz) or patterned (e.g., intermittent Theta Burst, or iTBS) stimulation protocols. The distinct effects of these protocols on brain function are not well understood. Sixteen subjects with MDD underwent a TMS-electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) "interrogation" paradigm, in which a broad range of rhythmic and patterned stimulation frequencies were administered in a randomized order to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). rTMS-induced changes in oscillatory activity and effective connectivity to the DLPFC were examined at each frequency. Linear mixed-effects models revealed widespread changes in power and connectivity, with magnitude and regional distribution of change dependent upon both protocol and frequency of stimulation. Increases in beta band power were most prominent with patterned stimulation, while rhythmic stimulation increased both alpha and beta power at stimulation frequencies greater than 7 Hz (p < 0.05). Source localization showed that patterned and rhythmic stimulation elicited activation in distinct subregions of the cingulate. Rhythmic and patterned stimulation also had distinct effects on connectivity: notably, only rhythmic stimulation increased connectivity with regions near the stimulation site, while only patterned stimulation decreased connectivity to the left precuneus. Both protocols increased the effective connectivity to the orbitofrontal cortex in the theta and beta response bands (p < 0.05). These results indicate that rhythmic and patterned rTMS engage distinct brain regions in a protocol- and frequency-dependent manner. Future studies should examine how these mechanistic differences may relate to clinical outcomes.

Indexed as

Dorsolateral Prefrontal CortexElectroencephalographyMajor Depressive DisorderPeriodicityTranscranial Magnetic StimulationAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle Aged

Identifiers

PMID41501538
PMCPMC13013849

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.