Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41502752›Full record

ArticleACS omega2025

Emine Esin Çalışkan, Yalçın Çelik Aydın, Emine Nur Ozbek, Ilayda Alcın, Emrah Kilinc, Gunay Yetik Anacak, Emel Oyku Cetin Uyanikgil

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ACS omega, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Emine Esin ÇalışkanFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.
Yalçın Çelik AydınFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5549-1087
Emine Nur OzbekFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-3479
Ilayda AlcınFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.
Emrah KilincFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-8371
Gunay Yetik AnacakFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, Turkey.
Emel Oyku Cetin UyanikgilFaculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-9130

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is known to reduce oxidative stress. Drug-loaded niosomes enhance the cellular uptake of drugs, resulting in improved antioxidant effects. In this study, we formulated metformin-loaded niosomes, aiming to enhance cellular drug uptake and augment antioxidant effects. The particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential values were found to be 153.8 nm, 0.449, and -9.32 mV respectively. Morphological observations conducted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided insights into the distinctive structure of the niosomes. Entrapment efficiency of drug-loaded niosomes was determined to be 68%. In vitro drug release studies, performed by using the dialysis bag method, exhibited a release profile consistent with Hixson-Crowell kinetics. After characterization of the formulations, the antioxidant activity of metformin-loaded niosomes on Pyrogallol-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the mouse brain was compared with metformin treatment alone. ROS formation was measured by a luminol-lucigenin chemiluminescence assay. Metformin-loaded niosomes significantly reduced ROS formation compared to metformin treatment alone. Metformin-loaded niosomes offer potential for enhanced antioxidant effects and bioavailability by increasing cellular uptake of metformin.

Identifiers

PMID41502752
PMCPMC12771438

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.