Evidence mapPaperPMID 41504841Full record

ArticleApplied biochemistry and biotechnology2026

Phytochemical Analysis of Different Plant Organs of Bauhinia kockiana Korth. and Its Antibacterial Synergistic Interaction.

Soon Wei To, Mohd Helmi Sani, Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik Malek, Hendra Susanto, Agustina Tri Endharti, Happy Kurnia Permatasari, Taining Zhang

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Article in Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Soon Wei ToDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Darul Takzim, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia.
Mohd Helmi SaniDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Darul Takzim, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia.
Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik MalekDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Darul Takzim, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia. niknizam@utm.my.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5347-2229
Hendra SusantoDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Veteran Street, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia.
Agustina Tri EndhartiBiomedical Central Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia.
Happy Kurnia PermatasariBiomedical Central Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia.
Taining ZhangDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Darul Takzim, 81310, Skudai, Malaysia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates novel natural therapeutics. Combining plant extracts offers a promising strategy to enhance antibacterial efficacy via synergistic, multi-target interactions. Bauhinia kockiana, a medicinal vine traditionally used for various treatments, exhibits promising antimicrobial properties, yet the synergistic potential of its multi-organ extracts remains unexplored. This study evaluated the phytochemical profiles and antibacterial activities of aqueous extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified 10 organ-specific bioactive phytocompounds and characterized their functional groups. The flower extracts demonstrated the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, correlating with superior antibacterial activity. Disc diffusion assays revealed concentration-dependent effects, with flower extracts outperforming streptomycin against MRSA. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.125 - 0.5% w/v, with flower extracts showing bactericidal effects against MRSA and P. aeruginosa. Checkerboard assays and well diffusion assays confirmed synergistic flower-stem interactions across multiple pathogens. This combination significantly inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation (> 50% at sub-MIC, complete at 2MIC) and induced morphological deformation. Time-kill kinetics confirmed concentration-dependent bactericidal effects, and mechanistic studies indicated membrane disruption as a primary mode of action, evidenced by enhanced cytoplasmic and protein leakage. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of B. kockiana multi-organ extracts for combinatorial strategies to combat AMR sustainably.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBauhiniaPhytochemicalsPlant ExtractsDrug SynergismMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusMicrobial Sensitivity TestsAnti-Bacterial AgentsPhytochemicalsPlant ExtractsAntimicrobial resistanceBauhinia kockiana Korth.Checkerboard assayPhytochemical profilingSynergistic extracts

Identifiers

PMID41504841
PMCPMC12996388

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.