ArticleAAPS PharmSciTech2026
Vanillic Acid-Loaded Niosomes for Diabetic Wound Healing: Formulation, Optimization by Box-Behnken Design, and In Vivo Evaluation.
Article in AAPS PharmSciTech, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
In this study, a niosomal formulation of vanillic acid was successfully developed to enhance its poor aqueous solubility and antioxidant therapeutic potential. Niosomes were prepared using Span 60 and cholesterol via thin-film hydration method followed by probe sonication and were optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The optimized formulation exhibited a vesicle size of 129.91 ± 2.78 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.152 ± 0.06, a zeta potential of - 8.698 ± 0.52 mV, and an entrapment efficiency (EE%) of 35.893 ± 3.45%. Physicochemical analyses confirmed spherical morphology and amorphous drug dispersion. In vitro drug release showed a sustained profile governed by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating diffusion-controlled release as the main mechanism. Antioxidant assays, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), revealed significantly elevated enzymatic activity in the nanoformulation-treated groups. In vivo evaluation using a diabetic Wistar rat model showed that the 1% Niosome-Vanillic Acid containing formulation led to superior wound closure, increased hydroxyproline content, and improved histopathological features. These findings highlighted nano-encapsulated vanillic acid as a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound healing.
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Identifiers
41507649What Socratic holds
Registered trials
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