ArticleMaternal health, neonatology and perinatology2026
Why & where perinatal deaths: trends and determinants in Pakistan.
Article in Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe perinatal mortality rate is a proxy indicator of healthcare quality for mothers and newborns. Unfortunately, Pakistan faces poor pregnancy outcomes, which are significantly worse than those of many other low-resource countries worldwide. Recognizing the need to achieve a substantial reduction in perinatal mortality in Pakistan, the set of targets under Sustainable Development Goal 3 demands a significant decrease in this metric.
methodsSPSS data files from the Pakistan Maternal Mortality Survey 2019 (1), with a sample of 136,226 households, was used. The PNMR was computed for urban and rural areas for the regions and provinces of Pakistan and for each category of the common risk factors (independent variables). We applied the chi-square test to determine whether the correlations between the PNMR and the independent variables were statistically significant. Finally, binary logistic regression analysis was conducted via SPSS version 19.0 to compute the adjusted odds ratio (AOR).
resultsThe PNMR for the entire sample was 70.1 per 1000 live births. Geographical differences were not statistically significant, except in the Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) region, which had a lower PNMR. We identified the lowest PNMR among the highest quintile, primigravida women with 3–5 pregnancies, aged 24–35 years, with at least 10 years of education, who received adequate antenatal care, and who delivered at home without skilled birth attendants. Binary logistic regression analysis showed a twofold higher risk among the lowest wealth quintile: 1.37 times higher among women over 35 years old and 1.5 times higher among women who had skilled birth attendance. After adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic variables, parity and antenatal care were not associated with perinatal deaths. DISCUSSION &
conclusionWe found no increase in the risk of PNMR among women younger than 25 years and using antenatal care, whereas other studies reported a greater risk of PNMR among younger and adolescent mothers. Therefore, more robust primary studies are needed to determine the associations of the key variables with perinatal mortality in Pakistan.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.