ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026
Perturbing H-NS function reveals roles in restricting virulence heterogeneity and pathogen adaptation.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens must balance rapid expression of virulence genes in host niches with tight repression when not needed to avoid fitness costs and ensure survival. Integration of virulence gene regulatory networks with the conserved global repressor H-NS was critical to achieve this balance. H-NS-mediated repression of virulence genes in non-inducing environments is essential for maintaining virulence genes and has shaped pathogen evolution. However, the role of H-NS-mediated repression in virulence gene activation and pathogen evolution in virulence-inducing conditions is less clear. For instance, although virulence gene expression is often heterogeneous, whether relief of H-NS repression contributes to this heterogeneity remains unknown. Furthermore, whether H-NS repression shapes pathogen evolution in virulence-inducing environments is unclear. Here, we use a
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