ArticlePloS one2026
Negative life events and the risk of depression: Findings from Indonesia Family Life Survey 2014/2015.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Income, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms in Indonesia: a two-year cross-lagged panel analysis of socioeconomic gradients.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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15 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNegative life experiences are well-established risk factors for mental health problems, yet evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. Many studies also overlook area-level factors that may influence these relationships. This study aimed to examine the association between negative life events and depression among individuals in Indonesia, accounting for both individual and area-level characteristics.
methodsThis cross-sectional study used data from 31,446 individuals aged 15 years and older who participated in the Indonesia Family Life Survey Wave 5 (IFLS-5), conducted in 2014-2015. Depression was assessed using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10), a validated instrument measuring depressive symptoms during the past week. Negative life events, including chronic illness (self or family member), natural disasters or accidents, and deaths of family members within the past year, were evaluated. Multilevel logistic regressions accounted for the hierarchical data structure and adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural, and district-level characteristics.
resultsThe prevalence of depression was 23%. Experiencing one negative life event increased the odds of depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.30), while two or more events further elevated the odds (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.32-1.83), adjusted for covariates. Individually, chronic illness (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.17-1.33), natural disasters or accidents (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.15-1.73), and deaths of family members (AOR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.26) were significantly associated with depression.
conclusionMultiple and specific negative life events substantially increase the risk of depression among Indonesians. These findings highlight the importance of integrating culturally sensitive mental health interventions within community and healthcare settings.
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