Comprehensive review of carbonated soft drink consumption rates and their public health importance.

Excessive consumption of carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) is associated with significant public health consequences, including increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and reduced bone mineral density. Daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is linked to a 27% higher risk of type 2 diabetes (RR = 1.27) and a 9% increased risk of cardiovascular disease (RR = 1.09). Each additional daily serving contributes to an average weight gain of 0.42 kg in adults and a 14% higher likelihood of overweight and obesity among adolescents (OR = 1.14). These outcomes arise largely from the high sugar content of CSDs, poor dietary patterns, and displacement of healthier beverages. Risks are particularly pronounced among children, adolescents, and lower-income populations due to targeted marketing, socioeconomic disparities, and increased exposure to unhealthy beverages. CSD consumption has also been linked to psychosocial impacts, including increased risk of depression in women (OR = 1.36) and associations with risky behaviors among adolescents. A range of public health interventions has been introduced to reduce CSD intake. Evidence demonstrates that Mexico's soda tax reduced purchases by 12% in the first year, while Chile's restrictions on child-targeted beverage marketing effectively reduced consumption among high-risk groups. School and workplace initiatives promoting healthier beverages also support behavior change. Educational campaigns and broader policy measures continue to influence awareness and consumption patterns. This review synthesizes current evidence on the health consequences of CSD consumption, evaluates the effectiveness of interventions, and highlights research needs, with emphasis on long-term outcomes of CSD alternatives and policy impacts on vulnerable populations.