ArticleInternational journal of ophthalmology2026
Contiguous orbital inflammation from paranasal sinus abnormalities in etiology of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
Article in International journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
aimTo define the prevalence and anatomical patterns of paranasal sinus abnormalities (PSA) in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and to test the hypothesis that TAO is partially driven by contiguous orbital inflammation rather than systemic autoimmunity or generalized orbital pressure.
methodsData included ophthalmic assessments and a panel of thyroid function and autoimmune biomarkers. Blinded radiological analysis of orbital computed tomography (CT) scans was performed to quantify sinus abnormalities and extraocular muscles (EOMs) involvement. Patients were categorized into two groups based on CT findings, those with no radiological evidence of sinus abnormalities (non-PSA control group) and those with identifiable PSA. Furthermore, ethmoid sinus mucosal biopsies from a subset of TAO patients and non-inflammatory controls were subjected to histopathological analysis.
resultsTotally 121 TAO patients (mean age 42.4±12.8y, range 10-78y), male:female=42:79, were included. PSA was identified in 44.6% (
conclusionTAO is associated with a high prevalence of PSA in a pattern consistent with the orbital anatomy. The correlation with ipsilateral muscle thickening combined with the lack of association with proptosis laterality or systemic biomarkers lend strong support to a model of contiguous inflammation over systemic autoimmunity, a hypothesis that warrants further validation through longitudinal and mechanistic studies.
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