Trial reportEuropean journal of nutrition2026
Choline supplementation in preterm infants: effects of four different supplements on choline plasma concentrations.
Trial report in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Gut-Brain Axis in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Why the Gut Shapes Behavior, Depression, and Self-Injurious Behavior in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure-A Narrative Review with a Proposal for Staged Nutritional and Microbiological Intervention.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Choline, a nexus for neurocognitive nutrients: A narrative review.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeCurrent nutritional practices for preterm infants result in lower choline plasma concentrations than in a fetus matched for postmenstrual age. Choline is needed for growth and metabolism by membrane formation and plasma transport of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) via phosphatidylcholine (PC), and for methylation processes via betaine. Especially high concentrations of PUFA-PC are present in brain, eye, liver and lung; therefore, choline deficiency may contribute to developmental disorders of these organs. We studied short-term effects of four enterally administered choline compounds on plasma concentrations of choline-related parameters in preterm infants.
methodsProspective study (June 2022–February 2024) in 32 enterally fed preterm infants (28.0–32.0 weeks gestation). Participants were randomized to receive an additional 30 mg/kg/d choline-equivalent in 6–8 doses with their meals for 48 h. Supplements: choline chloride, choline bitartrate, alpha-glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) or egg-PC (of which GPC and PC are natural components of human milk). Blood was taken before meals < 72 h before start, 3 h or 6 h after start, and 3 h or 6 h after end of supplementation. Plasma concentrations of choline, betaine and PC were quantified by tandem mass-spectrometry.
resultsCholine plasma concentrations and areas-under-the-curve (0–54 h) were similar between supplements. GPC increased choline concentration most rapidly (6 h, p = 0.01), and all supplements increased choline plasma concentrations at 51–54 h after start of supplementation, compared to baseline. There were no differential effects on betaine or PC plasma concentrations.
conclusionCholine chloride, choline bitartrate, GPC and egg-PC increase choline plasma concentrations after 48 h of supplementation to a similar extent and are similarly suited for long-term choline supplementation. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study was registered at the Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS) (German Register for Clinical Studies), DRKS00020502.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.