Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41527002›Full record

ArticleBMC psychology2026

Psychological flexibility patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associations with self-care behavior and medical condition.

Taiki Shima, Aiko Ohya, Hisashi Makino, Yoko Omura-Ohata, Tamiko Tamanaha, Mayu Tochiya, Ryo Koezuka, Masaki Matsubara, Tsutomu Tomita, Michio Noguchi and 3 more

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Article in BMC psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Taiki ShimaFaculty of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan. t-shima@haruka.otemon.ac.jp.
Aiko OhyaFaculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
Hisashi MakinoDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Yoko Omura-OhataDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Tamiko TamanahaDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Mayu TochiyaDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Ryo KoezukaDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Masaki MatsubaraDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Tsutomu TomitaDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Michio NoguchiDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Yuka MunemotoDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Miki NishimuraDepartment of Nursing, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
Kiminori HosodaDivision of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

Funding

Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development 22ek0210137h0003
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThis study aimed to elucidate the relationships of psychological flexibility (PF) patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with physiological and lifestyle indexes.

methodsThe study recruited 223 inpatients and outpatients for the survey. It focused on levels of experiential avoidance (EA) and subgroups of comprehensive PF patterns. The differences in self-care behavior and medical condition between high- and low-EA groups were examined using t-test or Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Furthermore, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to depict group features after applying cluster analysis to extract PF patterns.

resultsAnalyses revealed that low-EA patients exhibited better conditions. A subsequent cluster analysis extracted three subgroups: flexible, inaction, and entangled. The distinguishing characteristics were manifested in the patterns of fusion, values, and commitment. In general, the flexible subgroup exhibited optimal conditions that align with those reported in previous studies and theoretical assumptions of acceptance and commitment therapy.

conclusionConsidering these findings and their commonality with previous research, the study recommended that assessments focusing on processes-specifically cognitive fusion, and values and commitment, in addition to EA-may yield valuable insights for healthcare providers and emphasize the potential utility of a tiered intervention guide that first targets fusion, followed by values and commitment.

trial registrationNot applicable.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Self CareAdultAgedCognitive FlexibilityFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedCluster analysisExperiential avoidancePsychological flexibilityType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID41527002
PMCPMC12888545

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.